References

The “Silent Killer” ~30% of Americans Don’t Know They Have

1. American Heart Association. (n.d.). What is peripheral artery disease? Retrieved December 23, 2024, from https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/peripheral-artery-disease/about-peripheral-artery-disease-padntry

2. Gornik, H.L., et.al. 2024 ACC/AHA/AACVPR/APMA/ABC/SCAI/SVM/SVN/SVS/SIR/VESS guideline for the management of lower extremity peripheral artery disease: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2024.02.013

3.American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. (2024). Cardiovascular disease and risk management: Standards of care in diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care, 47(1). https://doi.org/10.2337/dc24-S010

4. Yahagi, K., Kolodgie, F. D., Lutter, C., Mori, H., Romero, M. E., Finn, A. V., & Virmani, R. (2017). Pathology of human coronary and carotid artery atherosclerosis and vascular calcification in diabetes mellitus. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 37(2), 191–204. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.116.306256

5. National Institutes of Health. (n.d.). ATVB in focus series on “vascular calcification in diabetes”. PMC. Retrieved December 23, 2024, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5269516/

6. PAD NAP Executive Summary. (2022).
https://www.heart.org/-/media/Files/Health-Topics/Peripheral-Artery-Disease/PAD-NAP-ExecSummary.pdf

7. American Heart Association. (2024). Peripheral artery disease national action plan. Retrieved from https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/peripheral-artery-disease/pad-resources/pad-action-plan

8. SecondsCount. (n.d.). Get a pulse on PAD. Retrieved from https://www.secondscount.org/get-a-pulse-pad

9. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (2017). VHA Directive 1410 – Prevention of Amputation in Veterans Everywhere (PAVE) Program. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwilpvrLmr6KAxVyCTQIHU8nLRwQFnoECBMQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.va.gov%2Fvhapublications%2FViewPublication.asp%3Fpub_ID%3D9852&usg=AOvVaw2zrLKgAW4NGLWBTZAH4EcT&opi=89978449

10. Smolderen, K.G., Heath, K., Scherr, T., Bauzon, S.R., Howell, A.N., & Mena-Hurtado, C. (2022). The Nevada peripheral artery disease screening effort in a Medicare Advantage population and subsequent mortality and major adverse cardiovascular event risk. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 75(6), 2054-2064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2022.01.134

11. Coke, Lola A. PhD, APRN-ACNS-BC, FAHA, FPCNA, FAAN; Dennison-Himmelfarb, Cheryl PhD, ANP, RN, FAAN. Peripheral Arterial Disease Prevention in Women: Awareness and Action. The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 34(6):p 427-429, 11/12 2019. | DOI: 10.1097/JCN.0000000000000617

The Impact and Progression of Peripheral Arterial Disease

1. American Heart Association. (n.d.). Associations between peripheral artery disease and ischemic stroke. Stroke. Retrieved December 23, 2024, from https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.582627#sec-3

2. Grant, C., Cuddeback, J.K., Alabi, O., Hicks, C.W., Sadik, K., & Ciemins, E.L. (2023). Perspectives on lower extremity peripheral arterial disease: A qualitative study of early diagnosis and treatment and the impact of health disparities. Population Health Management, 26(6), 387-396. https://doi.org/10.1089/pop.2023.0095

3. Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions. (n.d.). Get a pulse on PAD: 70% of Americans lack awareness of peripheral artery disease, new survey underscores gaps. Retrieved December 23, 2024, from https://scai.org/get-pulse-pad-70-americans-lack-awareness-peripheral-artery-disease-new-survey-underscoring-gaps

4. Golomb, B.A., Dang, T.T., & Criqui, M.H. (2006). Peripheral arterial disease morbidity and mortality implication. Circulation, 114(7), 688-699. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.593442​

5. American Heart Association. (n.d.). Epidemiology of peripheral artery disease and polyvascular disease [Image]. Circulation Research. Retrieved December 23, 2024, from https://www.ahajournals.org/cms/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.318535/asset/0febcc6f-04f1-4566-a15d-cda9e8c04f3a/assets/images/large/circresaha.121.318535.fig03.jpg

6. JAMA Network. (n.d.). A prognostic risk index for long-term mortality in patients with peripheral arterial disease. JAMA Internal Medicine. Retrieved December 23, 2024, from https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/770033

7. Smolderen, K. G., Ameli, O., Chaisson, C. E., Heath, K., & Mena-Hurtado, C. (2022). Peripheral Artery Disease Screening in the Community and 1-Year Mortality, Cardiovascular Events, and Adverse Limb Events. AJPM focus, 1(1), 100016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focus.2022.100016

8. American Heart Association. (2024). Peripheral Artery Disease National Action Plan. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/peripheral-artery-disease/pad-resources/pad-action-plan

9. Allison, M.A., Armstrong, D.G., Goodney, P.P., Hamburg, N.M., Kirksey, L., Lancaster, K.J., Mena-Hurtado, C.I., Misra, S., Treat-Jacobsen, D.J., & Solaru, K.T.W. (2023). Health disparities in peripheral artery disease: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 148, 286-296. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/epub/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001153

10. Barnes, J.A., Eid, M.A., Creager, M.A., & Goodney, P.P. (2020). Epidemiology and risk of amputation in patient with diabetes mellitus and peripheral artery disease. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 40(8), 1808-1817. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.314595 ​

11. Meves, S.H., Diehm, C., Berger, K., Pittrow, D., Trampisch, H.J., Burghaus, I., Tepohl, G., Allenberg, J.R., Endres, H.G., Schwertfeger, M., Darius, H., & Harberl, R.L. (2010). Peripheral arterial disease as an independent predictor for excess stroke morbidity and mortality in primary-care patients: 5-year results of the getABI study. Cardiovascular Diseases, 29(6), 546-554. https://doi.org/10.1159/000306640

13. American Heart Association. (n.d.). Associations between peripheral artery disease and ischemic stroke. Stroke. Retrieved December 23, 2024, from https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.582627#sec-3

14. Yost, M.L. (2020). The high cost of peripheral artery disease and critical limb ischemia. Journal of Arterial Venous and Lymphatic Interventions. https://javelinjournal.org/the-high-cost-of-peripheral-artery-disease-and-critical-limb-ischemia/ ​

15. Margolis, D.J., Malay, D.S., Hoffstad, O.J., Leonard, C.E., MaCurdy, T., Tan, Y., Molina, T., López de Nava, K., & Siegel, K.L. (2011). Economic burden of diabetic foot ulcers and amputations. Data Points Publication Series, #3 [internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65152/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK65152.pdf​

Disparities in PAD: A Growing Concern
  1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (n.d.). Social determinants of health – Healthy People 2030. Healthy People 2030. https://health.gov/healthypeople/priority-areas/social-determinants-health
  2. Cardiovascular Business. (n.d.). Peripheral artery disease is out of control in many rural, low-income communities. Cardiovascular Business. https://cardiovascularbusiness.com/topics/clinical/interventional-cardiology/peripheral-artery-disease/peripheral-artery-disease-out-control-many-rural-low-income-communities
  3. Allison, M.A., Armstrong, D.G., Goodney, P.P., Hamburg, N.M., Kirksey, L., Lancaster, K.J., Mena-Hurtado, C.I., Misra, S., Treat-Jacobsen, D.J., & Solaru, K.T.W. (2023). Health disparities in peripheral artery disease: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 148, 286-296. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/epub/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001153 ​
  4. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (n.d.). Peripheral artery disease – Causes and risk factors. National Institutes of Health. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/peripheral-artery-disease/causes
  5. Hooi, J. D., Kester, A.D.M., Stoffers, H.E.J.H., Overdijik, M.M., van Ree, J.W., & Knottnerus, J.A. (2001). Incidence of and risk factors for asymptomatic peripheral arterial occlusive disease: A longitudinal study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 153(7), 666-672. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/153.7.666​
  6. Divakaran, S., Krawisz, A. K., Secemsky, E. A., & Kant, S. (2023). Sex and racial disparities in peripheral artery disease. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 43(11). https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.123.319399
  7. Divakaran, S., Krawisz, A. K., Secemsky, E. A., & Kant, S. (2023). Sex and racial disparities in peripheral artery disease. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 43(11). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10284269/
  8. Perspectives on Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: A Qualitative Study of Early Diagnosis and Treatment and the Impact of Health Disparities | December 2023 | Population Health Management –Article link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10698760/
  9. American Heart Association. (2024). Peripheral Artery Disease National Action Plan. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/peripheral-artery-disease/pad-resources/pad-action-plan